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Gloge A, Langer B, Poppe L, Rétey J (1998) The behavior of substrate analogues and secondary deuterium isotope effects in the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase reaction. Arch Biochem Biophys 359(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1006/abbi.1998.0860 Wen PF, Chen JY, Wan SB, Kong WF, Zhang P et al (2008) Salicylic acid activates phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in grape berry in response to high temperature stress. Plant Growth Regul 55(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00462Bevan-Jones, Robert (1 August 2009). Poisonous Plants: A Cultural and Social History. Windgather Press. ISBN 978-1-909686-22-9. Secondary metabolism is the result of long-term evolutionary adaptation of plants to the ecological environment, and it plays an important role in dealing with the relationship between plants and the ecological environment. It enables plants to better adapt to their environment during development and to change themselves to form their unique individual characteristics ( Dangl and Jones, 2001). As a key secondary metabolic pathway, phenylpropane metabolism begins with phenylalanine and eventually leads to the production of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, phenols and lignans ( Wang etal., 2016; Zhan etal., 2022). PAL, as an enzyme in the first reaction step of phenylpropane metabolism, plays a key and has a major impact on the subsequent secondary metabolism ( Wei etal., 2023). The number of PAL family members currently varies among plants, e.g., four PAL genes were identified in Arabidopsis, 13 in maize, nine in rice, and four in citrus. 14 and 11 were identified in cultivated tomato and S pennellii, respectively, in the present study, with numbers similar to those of the monocotyledonous plant maize. The number of SlPAL and SpenPAL genes far exceeded that of Arabidopsis, suggesting that tomato may have undergone genomic duplication events occurred during evolution ( Wanner etal., 1995; Raes etal., 2003), and tandem and fragmental duplication can be seen to have occurred in cultivated tomato and S. pennellii based on chromosomal localization and intraspecific co-linearity ( Figures1, 7). Replication events are important in the expansion and evolution of gene families and include whole genome replication, small fragment replication, local tandem replication or a combination of these possibilities ( Ober, 2005; Lei etal., 2012; Xue etal., 2012). Evans CT, Conrad D, Hanna K, Peterson W, Choma C, Misawa M (1987) Novel stabilization of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase catalyst during bioconversion of trans-cinnamic acid to l -phenylalanine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 25(5):399–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00253308 Hou C, Yuan Q, Huo D, Zheng S, Zhan D (2008) Investigation on clotting and hemolysis characteristics of heparin-immobilized polyether sulfones biomembrane. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 85(3):847–852. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.31502 Ahuja, Satinder (2015). Food, Energy, and Water: The Chemistry Connection. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-800374-9 . Retrieved 14 April 2018.

Jia, S. R., Cui, J. D., Li, Y., & Sun, A. Y. (2008). Production of L-phenylalanine from trans-cinnamic acids by high-level expression of phenylalanine ammonia lyase gene from Rhodosporidium toruloides in Escherichia coli. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 42, 193–197.

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S, Aydaş SB, Aslım B (2016) Biochemical evaluation of phenylalanine ammonia lyase from endemic plant Cyathobasis fruticulosa (Bunge) Aellen. For the dietary treatment of phenylketonuria. Food Technol Biotechnol 54(3):296–303